The design criteria for an underground potash mine are established on the basis of rock mechanics principles and measurements taken at the cleveland potash limited boulby mine in. Harrison book covers the basic rock mechanics principles, how to study the interactions between these principles and a discussion on the fundamentals of excavation and support and the application of these in the design of surface and underground structures. Potash soap is a soft soap made from the lye leached from wood. One of the worlds largest deposits, 140 to 150 million tons, is located in the tigrays dallol area. The development of rock engineering rocscience inc. As a global leader in rock mechanics, respecs engineering team is a combined force of integrated backgrounds in geosciences. How geoscientists are making potash mines safer cseg recorder. Lectures on rock mechanicslectures on rock mechanics sarvesh chandrasarvesh chandra professor dt tfciilei idepartment of civil engineering indian institute of technology kanpur kanpur, 208016 india email. Mechanical and physical properties of salt and the general behavior of salt pillars are. Purchase applied salt rock mechanics 1 1st edition. I graduated with a degree in geology from the university of saskatchewan in 1985. Potash especially potassium carbonate has been used in bleaching textiles, making glass, and making soap, since about ad 500. According to the strength characteristics, such as rock type, shale content, rock structure, surface characteristics and other mechanical characteristics associated with plastic deformation, soft rock can be divided into four categories, namely expansive soft rock also called lowintensity soft rock, highstress soft rock, jointed soft rock and combined soft rock, as shown in table 1. What is the response of rocks under dynamic earthquake type loading.
Potash in soil is the seventh most common element in nature and is widely available. Meanwhile other meetings and conferences have been held on related subjects, such as. Although rock mechanics addresses many of the rock mechanics issues which arise in underground mining engineering, it is not a text exclusively for mining applications. What is the bearing capacity of rock on surface an at depths. Various studies of rock mechanics aspects of potash excavation design were. Potash was principally obtained by leaching the ashes of land and sea plants. Data logged underground are transmitted to the surface for analysis 2d and 3d numerical modeling of the displacement and stress distribution around mine openings in viscoelastic rock.
Performance of pillars in rock salt mines uwspace university of. Pdf this paper describes key geotechnical issues in the design and. The paper describes a rock mechanics investigation into the design of narrow high extraction pillars in a deep potash mine and the problems associated with such pillars. We have the knowledge and experience to work on a range of studies from scoping to feasibility and operational improvement across all major resource types. Most of the tools and techniques available to the mining and rock mechanics engineer are based on the experiences of practitioners in hard rock mining. Introduction to soil mechanics geotechnical engineering. These mines produce potash from the upper patience lake potash member known as the azone of the prairie evaporite formation, where continuous boring machines are used to cut the potash out of the flatlying host rock. The first edition of rock mechanics and engineering bridged the gap between scientific research on rock mechanics and practical engineering. Mulch is great to help retain soil moisture, reduce weeds, and as it breaks down it provides nutrients to the soil. I am a member of the association of professional engineers and geoscientists of saskatchewan with. Rock mechanics with beng and msc in mining engineering. It consists of five categories of topics on the science and practice of rock engineering. Catastrophic failures of underground evaporite mines cdc.
What is the modulus of elasticity of rock and how to get it. This raises the question whether there is a need for a special issue on mining rock mechanics and rock engineering and if so what are the differences to rock mechanics and rock engineering in civil underground construction. Potassium salts in the form of nitrates, sulfates and chlorides are the forms of potash used in fertilizer. Unfortunately, it is difficult to measure or predict the release of less readily available k whilst all the pools are shown separately in the diagram on the previous page, in the living soil there are no sharp divisions and the entire system is dynamic with potassium becoming more. Srk consulting finland oy, rovaniemi, finland srk welcomes you to a workshop about rock mechanics in the mining industry. Estimated total requirement of k for african countries, based on di. Potash and plants learn about potash in soil and potash. Rock mechanics analyses and tests have been carried out to assess the feasibility of underground long room and pillar mining of potash in sergipe, brazil.
To develop suitable soil testing devices and soil testing methods. While a good starting point, these experiences often do not account for the unusual physical properties of soft rock that lead to adopting a. Beginning in the 14th century potash was mined in ethiopia. There are two types of fracture patterns in the yield pillars of the potash mines of saskatchewan. Potash is made of potassium, which is an essential part of the human diet. Economic success in underground soft rock mining rock. Response of rocks to applied loads earth materials rocks soils fluids. The names caustic potash, potassa, and lye are frequently used for potassium hydroxide see potassium. In fertilizer terminology, potassium oxide is called potash. Pdf shaft sinking and lining design for a deep potash shaft in. Rock mechanics problems how will rock react when put to mens use. Lectures on rock mechanicslectures on rock mechanics.
Map of western canada showing the potash rich zones in the prairie evaporite formation. Problems involving rock mechanics have attracted the interest of scientists and engineers \lith diverse backgrounds, and previous rock mechanics symposia in canada have involved geologists, physicists, mining and civil engineers and others. Purchase petroleum related rock mechanics, volume 53 2nd edition. The pda is an independent technical organisation providing advice and information to improve understanding and the correct use of potash. Special attention was given to the influence of a thick layer of tachyhydrite camg2c16 l2h20 immediately below the potash. The creep of potash salt rocks from saskatchewan springerlink. Potash is americas first industrial chemical, patented in 1790, and remains an essential product today. Rock mechanics symposium 29 june2 july 1997 columbia university, new york, usa. Rock mechanics problemsrock mechanics problems how will rock react when put to mens use. One of the worlds largest deposits, 140 to 150 million tons, is located in the. To develop rational soil sampling devices and soil sampling methods.
It was resolutely aimed at giving practical information to geologists, engineering geologists and engineers. Routine soil analysis measures the potassium in the soil solution plus the exchangeable k. They get used by plants that then release potassium into their crops. Because successful designs start with good ground, soil, and rock data, understanding rock mechanics in response to the force fields of their environment is important. Applications of structural geology to rock mechanics problems 4 t h canadian symposium on research in tectonics, and 7th canadian symposium on rock mechanics the university of alberta, march 2527, 1971 thurday, march 25, 1971 welcoming address h. Rock mechanics scope of rock mechanics civil engineering mining engineering petroleum engineering geology geophysics scope of rock mechanics studies of rock deformation at high temperatures and pressures structural geology evaluation of geological hazards landslides, seismic etc. The esterhazy member sylvinite is considered the best potash interval in the world in terms of mineralogy with very low insolubles and favorable rock mechanics which allows wide mining rooms with minimum ground control. Instrument 43101 technical report on vanscoy potash operations, vanscoy, saskatchewan, canada with an effective date of october 31, 2014 the technical report. Proceedings of the 7th canadian rock mechanics symposium. Fall 2007 technical meeting, halifax, nova scotia, canada, october 89, 2007 authors. En echelon crackarrays in potash salt rock springerlink. Potash is a potassiumrich salt that is mined from underground deposits formed from evaporated sea beds millions of years ago.
Which studies theoretically and practically soils for building of structures over it. Rock mechanics technology joins golder associates mining. Knowledge of physics, mechanics, and hydraulics applied to study the behavior of soils. The difference between the two patterns lies in the arrangement of the member fractures. February 23, 2018 disclaimer this report was prepared as a technical report by terra modelling services, inc. It is stored in soil and harvested as salt deposits. Rock mechanics an introduction for the practical engineer parts i, ii and iii first published in mining magazineapril, june and july 1966 evert hoek this paper is the text of three lectures delivered by the author at the imperial college of.
Rock mechanics in mining kalliomekaniikka kaivosteollisuudessa, johdanto parhaisiin kansainvalisiin kaytantoihin workshop date. This interest has created record levels of interest in potash deposits within the elk point basin. Rock mechanics studies of proposed underground mining of. Petroleum related rock mechanics, volume 53 2nd edition. In conventional rock engineering, the design and analyses of roofs for an underground opening in. Structural mapping and the prediction of engineering. Rocanville potash creep test results lajtai and duncan, 1998. Potash, various potassium compounds, chiefly crude potassium carbonate. The purpose of the geotechnical work is to investigate the soil. Developments in stiff ground support in deep potash. Rock mechanics an introduction for the practical engineer. Unpublished phd thesis, department of civil engineering, university of manitoba. Underground rock mechanics ensuring a safe environment and profitable mining we have the knowledge and experience to work on a range of studies from scoping to feasibility and operational improvement across all major resource types, for underground operations and for operational support. Parameters considered were, the three governing materials steel, grout, and rock with two interfaces bolt grout and grout rocks.
Latest progress of soft rock mechanics and engineering in. Selection of construction materials selection and layout. Jul 31, 2008 environmental and ground engineering consultancy golder associates uk has acquired 100% share equity of rock mechanics technology rmt. Design of high extraction panels in a deep potash mine. For phosphate and potash these also represent the aims of nonorganic farmers. Pdf shaft sinking and lining design for a deep potash shaft. How geoscientists are making potash mines safer cseg. Environmental and ground engineering consultancy golder associates uk has acquired 100% share equity of rock mechanics technology rmt. Pdf shaft sinking and lining design for a deep potash. The deformation of potash rock is strongly time dependent. The term potash refers to a group of potassium k bearing minerals and chemicals. Potassium is an essential element for all plant, animal and human life. Map of western canada showing the potash rich zones in.
The strength of the rocanville potash specimens ranged between 15 and 18 mpa. These minerals are found in large evaporate deposits from ancient lake and sea beds or in rock. There is evidence for the existence of all three stages of creep. Deformation of underground salt, trona and potash mines is generally time. The expression, salt media, as used in this paper, refers to general rock salt including halite, potash salt and carnallite. The design criteria for an underground potash mine are established on the basis of rock mechanics principles and measurements taken at the cleveland potash limited boulby mine in north yorkshire, thgland. Respecs team delivers expertise in rock mechanics to determine the shear. Publications providing additional information about the role of potash in agriculture, food and the environment. The three parts are separated by the yield point 18 mpa and the crack initiation point 10 mpa. Introduction high extraction mining of potash using narrow panels consisting of a number of roadways separated by small pillars which are allowed to yield has been. Try compost, bark, wood chips, straw, or pine needles.
Shaft sinking and lining design for a deep potash shaft in squeezing ground. Hardy aai presently, there is great interest in exploring for, and developing, potash deposits around the world. Potash is an umbrella term that covers all the bases when looking at potassiumbearing minerals. A summary of the approaches and the rock mechanics aspects of them is summarised in mackintosh 1975, figure 4 illustrates the impact of the clay bands on both pillar and back performance. To collect and classify soils and their physical properties on the basis of fundamental knowledge of soil mechanics. Potash developments in thailand potash deposit potash projects status in thailand asean potash mining company apmc product competitive advantage table of content. The individual members of both patterns are tensile extension fractures that propagate parallel with the maximum principal stress trajectory perpendicular to the minimum principal stress.
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